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ABSTRACT：
　　Diurnal and seasonal variation, intensity, and structure of deep convective systems (DCSs; with 20-dBZ
echo tops exceeding 14 km) over the Tibetan Plateau–South Asian monsoon region from the Tibetan Plateau
(TP) to the ocean are investigated using 14 yr of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data. Four
unique regions characterized by different orography are selected for comparison, including the TP, the
southern Himalayan front (SHF), the South Asian subcontinent (SAS), and the ocean. DCSs and intense
DCSs (IDCSs; with 40-dBZ echo tops exceeding 10 km) occur more frequently over the continent than over
the ocean. About 23% of total DCSs develop into IDCSs in the SHF, followed by the TP (21%) and the SAS
(15%), with the least over the ocean (2%). The average 20-dBZ echo-top height of IDCSs exceeds 16km and
9% of them even exceed 18 km. DCSs and IDCSs are the most frequent over the SHF, especially in the
westernmost SHF, where the intensity—in terms of strong radar echo-top (viz., 40 dBZ) height, ice-particle
content, and lightning flash rate—is the strongest. DCSs over the TP are relatively weak in convective intensity
and small in size but occur frequently. Oceanic DCSs possess the tallest cloud top (which mainly
reflects small ice particles) and the largest size, but their convective intensity is markedly weaker. DCSs and
IDCSs show a similar diurnal variation, mainly occurring in the afternoon with a peak at 1600 local time over
land. Although most of both DCSs and IDCSs occur between April and October, DCSs have a peak in
August, whereas IDCSs have a peak in May.